Control Theory And Gang Related Crime Criminology Essay

Control Theory And Gang Related Crime Criminology Essay Discuss how control theory and classicism theory adequately explains gang related crime This essay will help us understand the reasons behind gang related crime. To discuss the causes of gang related crime we will look at two criminology theories. Classicism and control theory will be used to understand and to demonstrate a discussion on the matter. We will look at each of the theories separately and then apply them to gang related crime. Classicism or classical school has been around for quite considerable time. A group of philosophers of the 18th century argued that human problems have to be tackled in a reasonable and more traditional way(Coleman, Norris. 2000. p.17).There was a feeling that criminal justice system of the 18th century was too inhumane, ineffective and judges had too much discretion and punishment was too barbaric(Coleman, Norris. 2000. p.18). That is the reason why classicism argues: too much policing or punishment could change law abiding citizens(Jacobs. 2009. p.97). We would think that harsher punishment would change the amount of crime, however classicism stands a strong case that more policing and tougher sentences would not help the cause(Jacobs. 2009. p.97). From everything what we have looked so far we can say. Classicism is so concerned with the tough sentencing then surely it would propose us how tackle the crime. Classicism will assume that human beings make rational choices (Jacobs. 200 9. p.97) and therefore this is the reason why they commit crime. For some people pleasure and gain that they get from crime is a lot larger than the pain of punishment(Coleman, Norris. 2000. p.18). Some people get so distressed and so obsessed with what they think is injustice towards a particular group of people or race that they are ready for the most extreme measures. As an example of these measures we could give you London 7/7. One of the bombers behind the attack only did this as he was willing to revenge England for how the police treated his own kind(Jacobs. 2009. p.98). One of the main interests of classicism is the immediate circumstances that surrounds the offence(Jacobs. 2009. p.98). Therefore classicism thinks that all of us are potential criminals(Jacobs. 2009. p.98). Accordingly to classicism criminology have to press one main question: whether the law is being too rigorously or softly enforced(Jacobs. 2009. p.98). Here, on one hand, we have classicism that argues that too much policing and tough sentences are not the answer, yet, on the other hand, classicism is concerned that the law is softly enforced. Classicism as such is quite an extreme reference point in human behaviour study. Classicism is orientated on the immediate circumstances that have triggered a crime(Jacobs. 2009. p.99). This gives us some guidance as to what will be the main things that classicism would be interested in and concentrating more than anything else. In classicism we would have to consider why an opportunities arise for people to commit crime. Why this is somethin g that is happening in certain areas and mainly to certain types of people and certain times of day(Jacobs. 2009. p.99). Some of the scientists have concerns that repressive and unjust laws could turn people into criminals. Another belief of classicism is that human beings are mainly guided by free will and hedonism and therefore these two factors are the ones that drive the crime(OConnor. 2006). As we saw earlier classicism is concerned about tough punishment and that is the reason why each and every offence has to have equal treatment under the law(OConnor. 2006). Look at this controversial thought in our mind, but completely normal under classicism: bad people are nothing more than the result of bad laws (OConnor. 2006). Next thing that we have to look at is control theory. Control theory is concerned on the measures that would stop people to commit and engage in crime and criminal activities(Jacobs. 2009. p.163). Control theory argues that crime exists and is happening where there are opportunities to commit crime and where is a complete lack of socio-central(family)( Jacobs. 2009. p.163). Therefore there will be no crime or as little as none where proper solutions are in place, such as effective controls and lack of opportunities(Jacobs. 2009. p.163). Durkheim had a theory that social world is maintained by integration and regulation(Jacobs. 2009. p.163). Control theory has emerged from the findings on family and social bonds under the Chicago School. Family and local community started to loose their grips on family members and community in general(Jacobs. 2009. p.163). Over the years many criminologists have created their own ways of control theory with the key issues that they thought were necessary. Instead of concentrating on why people commit crime, Reiss was more concerned on how to develop an instrument to predict which factors are to blamed behind crime(Jacobs. 2009. p.163). As a result Reiss saw delinquent group of people not as a disorganized but rather a functional consequence of the failure. Failure of personal and social controls. Therefore the key issues from Reiss point of view is that the family, society and neighbourhood were the main sources of the failure (Jacobs. 2009. p.163). All of the above were in the positions which would influence the present and future of the child(Jacobs. 2009. p.163). What do we get out of this: intervention with the child at the early years of his life could play an essential and a key part to success(Jacobs. 2009. p.163). However one wrong decision could influence the way this child is going to live the rest of his life. On the other hand Nye(1958) took completely different approach in his studies of control theory. He was looking for an explanations as to why crime is not more common(Jacobs. 2009. p.164). In his studies Nye concluded that the most important REAGENT of the social control was the individuals family(Jacobs. 2009. p.164). Nye came up with four types of control: direct, indirect, internalized control and alternative satisfaction. The key one in his mind was the family, school and police. They control people using direct restraints accompanied by punishment. However other types of control theory would reinforce each other depending on the context of the individual(Jacobs. 2009. p.164). Another one who had his opinion was Reckless(1967) who saw family as the main source of influence of a small child. Reckless realized that urban lifestyle contained many temptations to commit crime. Reckless came up with a suggestion that each individual has to break through numerous barriers to commit crime. These barriers were inner and outer containment where inner was a self control and outer was social control(Jacobs. 2009. p.164). Reckless main concern was concentrating on the self control or so as called inner containment. He suggested that we can control ourselves regardless of what happens around us(Jacobs. 2009. p.1634). Regarding the inner circle containment Reckless came up with four key factors: self concept, goal orientation and two later ones frustration tolerance and norm retention. Reckless has discovered that norm erosion is more bigger problem than norm retention. Sykes and Matza(1957) argues that it takes only a split second to commit a crime. Therefore for the people who were involved in criminal activities and delinquency it only took a small part of their life(Jacobs. 2009. p.165). What were they involved in between committing crimes? Could it be a small and temporary drift away from crime? In the eyes of Sykes and Matza many offenders still had bonds with social order. Sykes and Matza tries to explain this sort of behaviour and as a part of explanation they believed that we would learn conventional behaviour rules by learning the excuses or techniques of neutralization( Jacobs. 2009. p.165). In a simple terms we try to explain our dealings and ignore an obvious. We deny our behaviour and even victims. Hirschi(1969) on the other hand believed that social bonding hold the key to law abiding and delinquent behaviour(Jacobs. 2009. p.165). Social bonds had to be strong and effective or otherwise people would turn themselves to delinquency. The key factor for this drive would be rewards that can be gained. Hirschi categorized the social bonds as: attachment, commitment, involvement and belief. Attachment is quite an important social part of a person. A delinquent person will never have the same social bonds with his friends, teachers, relatives as a person who is out of the crime world. Concern for what people think about us is the driver or controller of our actions. Commitment is another example of a perfect people behaviour. It takes one small stupid act to ruin your life and everything that you have built in your life. So this is something that you are daring to loose. Therefore crime is not going to be an option for you. Involvement and belief could be combined as one. You believe in yourself and you are committed to the rules of society. Because of this you will be involved in as many activities as possible so that you can be busy and have no time for crime. Having looked at criminology theories let us look at the actual gangs. Some say that gangs are created spontaneously. However they become integrated in society by conflict(Greene, 2007. p.1375). Gangs differ in the members they all have. The type of activities they do. What type relationships do these gangs have with local community(Conly. 1993. p.20). Gangs can be defined as: group of people involved in the significant amount of antisocial activity(Conly. 1993. p.7). Reading all the above, we see that family has a massive role in childrens family. One of the key points in control theory is family. Control from the family has to have the biggest impact on the way the child looks at the world. Society and neighbourhood comes after. In the society we are living in many families have only single parent. In 2006 24% of children lived in single parent family(Self, Zealey,. 2007. p.15). Young people from different backgrounds have one thing in common. They all need families. Due to a lack of control many young people turn to gangs when their families have failed. A video on BBC website regarding gangs clearly emphasises this problem(Gangs, knives and crime. 2008). As a youngster you want to have a role model. In the family this could be your father. However in gangs, this can be an older gang member. Gangs replace a family for young kids. Looking at gangs and classicism we are unable to draw a common things. Classicism stated that any person could be a criminal. Therefore being in a gang would not make you different. However gang as such could be crime driven. In that case, all of its members could do criminal activities. In conclusion, we know what is the key issues in classicism and control theory. Classicism concentrates on the immediate reasons on why crime has happened. As much as to why these opportunities arise for people to commit crime. Control theory makes us understand which time in the childs life is the most important. At what stage we can get the biggest influence. In control theory main figure is family and the way family can control the youngster. As of gang related crime we understand the reasons why young people have to join gangs. This is due to the lack of control from family. When youngsters commit crime the pleasure they get is more than pain if they are caught. From classicism point of view: they have nothing to lose, because they havent earned anything yet. Family values and your own achievement would hold you back from crime. Therefore we can clearly say: both of these theories combined gives us an easy understanding of gang related crime.

Online Gaming Essay

Online gaming is due today latest technology. The people can easy to access on this Online World because of the modern gadgets that invented by the new generation. We have now the internet cafà ©, personal computer and other gadgets that we can use any time in our life. We have known that today the problem of the students, parents, teachers that we need to solution is the problem in the addiction of the Online Gaming. As games become more visually enticing and the recession leaves people at home in front of computer screens, therapists are encountering more cases of people obsessed with being online. In extreme circumstances game players can, they warn, become detached from normal existence and forget to eat or sleep as they interact with screen characters such as wizards and monsters. Youngsters can also develop posture problems. The present study contributes to the argue on video game addiction by applying a unusual approach. It seeks to supply experimental, data-driven verification for the assumed subgroup of addicted online video gamers. Results provide a source for data-based scale confirmation and cut-off scores. Identification of this group will be conducted throughout a  combination of two indirect measures: game addiction severity and time spent on online gaming. Computer game addiction is a worrying aspect of the modern-day technologically able youth. Many children spend hours a day on computers, so much so that computers have become a primary source of entertainment for them , as well as a convenient baby-sitter for parents. Throughout this guide, the details of computer game addiction will be discussed, such as addiction signs, solutions to the problems and alternatives to computers for entertainment. The online gaming is the addictive hobby that can affect the performance of the students in the school. We say that if we play online games we feel â€Å"It feels so good even you want to quit playing the game. You just can’t stop because it’s very addictive ones you start there’s no turning back â€Å". Other people may play continuously that cause to forget they needs like food .And this may affect the social life and the behavior of the addictive gamer. Based on our own experience we play online games to entertain ourselves and kill our boredom. The other â€Å"techi† or the technology-inclined they spend several hours in playing instead doing more important things. Online role-playing games, the site adds, â€Å"encourages interaction amongst other people and development of groups, allowing people to flourish socially online, providing an escape for their struggling social life†; however the games could also ruin a â€Å"successful social lif e†. The most played games by boys was the DOTA (Defense Of The Ancient) and the LOL (League Of Legends).The girls most played games was help by the social media sites like Facebook one of them is the Candy Crush , Dragon City , Pet Society and Farmville and other Online games. These are the several reasons of the addiction to the online games. According to online gamer they start playing Online games when they are elementary and High School. And continuously playing online games until now. When a person is obsessed to online games, he/she wants and makes more time in playing online games. Statement of the Problem Our mission in making this research is to answer the main problem regarding the addiction of the teenager on online gaming. 1. What are the effects of social sites on the addiction in online gaming? 2. What are the things they skip when they are playing online games? 3. How many hours did they spend in playing online gaming? 4. What are the possible effects on the performance of the students when they play online games? 5. How to prevent the addiction of the online player? Hypothesis We hypothesize that: 1. Those addicted to computer games will have symptoms of addiction, such as tolerance, Emotional dependence, and withdrawal. 2. The computer addicted group will demonstrate an emotional attachment to computer Games. If they are having a bad day, they will be more likely to play more hours of Computer games. 3. The computer addicted and social player groups will be more likely to play MMORPGs. 4. Computer addicted group will have lower GPAs. Theoretical/Conceptual Framework The Significance of the Study Awareness is what we are trying to aim so that our study will be useful to students, parents, and teachers. Our study also aim to give an idea for the parents or the guardian of the children regarding to the addiction of the online games. We want to alarm those students that are addicted on online games to the harmful effects of online gaming to the health of the students but also to their performance in the school. We want to help and also contribute the knowledge for the readers regarding to the said topic. Scope and Limitations This study was conducted during the first semester of the school year 2014-2015 to identify the factors that affect the involvement to computer game addiction of the LWAD students and to determine how it would affect their study habits. Respondents of the study are limited to the High school  students of the School namely: Legacy of Wisdom Academy of Dasmarinas Inc. There are twenty randomly selected respondents of each of the High school students. We will do some survey to proven this research. Definition of Terms The following word are used in this chapter. It greatly contribute to your vocabulary and to our study. Addiction-an addiction do not have control over what they are doing, taking or using. Their addiction may reach a point at which it is harmful. Addictions do not only include physical things we consume, such as drugs or alcohol, but may include virtually anything, such abstract things as gambling to seemingly harmless products, such as chocolate – in other words, addiction may refer to a substance dependence (e.g. drug addiction) or behavioral addiction (e.g. gambling addiction).

Samples of Toefl Essay Writing Guide

Samples of Toefl Essay Writing Guide Choosing our service, you will realize that studying can be simple if you gain from the aid of competent experts. Participating in a group procedure can be quite rewarding for members of the group. Possessing a group of men and women attack a project provides several benefits. A number of the immediate problems facing the immigrant are language barriers and absence of skills which are in demand. The Honest to Goodness Truth on Samples of Toefl Essay Writing Speaking about your opinions will ensure it is a lot easier to write about them. You ought to be able to think of 5-10 ideas. When you have gathered ideas on the subject, you should properly set your thoughts into words. In fact, however, you aren't just writing, but creating a compelling argument that's well-constructed and meaningful. The thesis statement comprises the principal topic and controlling idea. Describe the way your idea is true. You should express your principal idea in a very clear way in the debut of the essay. There's, naturally, a limit on the variety of pages even our very best writers can produce with a pressing deadline, but generally, we can satisfy all the clients seeking urgent assistance. Even in the event the deadline is truly tight, feel free to get hold of our managers. Since you just have a limited quantity of time to finish your essays, it can be inviting to begin writing the second your time starts. Don't forget, you can save a whole lot of time and money by obtaining a terrific TOEFL score on your very first effort. Remain focused and attempt to identify the way the audio is related to the passage. You must then compose an overview of both passages. Provide your essay a special style Employ various structures, linking devices and prevent repetition. You'll be graded based on the level of your written answer, with particular attention paid to how well you have the ability to present the points which were in the lecture and the reading passage. Your response ought to be 150-225 words. It should be around 150-225 words. Generally, an effective response is going to be 150 to 225 words. Samples of Toefl Essay Writing Explained It may also be beneficial to review other TOEFL writing samples to receive a better idea about what an amazing TOEFL essay appears like. Learn all the advice you need to understand as a way to ace TOEFL Writing! One of the most difficult sections to prep for on the TOEFL may be the essay. Eventually, you will want to have a comprehensive TOEFL practice examit's the only means to be fully ready for the TOEFL. Honest, dedicated practice is a great deal more useful and potent. Completing practice essays will allow you to become more familiarized with what the prompts will look like (see next section), and you also need to examine the rubrics TOEFL graders will use while grading your essays so that you receive a better comprehension of what you require for a high score. Completing timed practice essays will help you stay away from this. Essay writing can be rather a challenge. TOEFL Essay Writing is attempting to fix these difficulties. Essay writing skills is a hard and time-consuming endeavor. Writing about a different topic is a simple method to receive a minimal score. The Number One Question You Must Ask for Samples of Toefl Essay Writing The following two sections will explain the format and requirements of every one of the writing tasks together with how they'll be scored. Your score will be dependent on the caliber of your writing in addition to how well you answer the question. Besides offering somewhere to conserve all of your valuable eBooks, the eBook reader software even supply you with a lot of characteristics in order to improve your eBook reading experience than the normal paper books. It'll be useful to have a very good eBook reader to be in a position to truly have a very good reading experience and premium quality eBook display. It's possible that you try many methods to turn the pages of eBook to increase your reading experience. If you prefer, you may also watch a video edition of the guide below.

The Battle of San Jacinto in the Texas Revolution

The Battle of San Jacinto on April 21, 1836, ​was the defining battle of the Texas Revolution. Mexican General Santa Anna had unwisely divided his force to mop up those Texans still in rebellion after the Battle of the Alamo and the Goliad Massacre. General Sam Houston, sensing Santa Annas mistake, engaged him on the shores of the San Jacinto River. The battle was a rout, as hundreds of Mexican soldiers were killed or captured. Santa Anna himself was captured and forced to sign a treaty, effectively ending the war. Rebellion in Texas Tensions had long been simmering between rebellious Texans and Mexico. Settlers from the USA had been coming to Texas (then a part of Mexico) for years, with the support of the Mexican government, but a number of factors made them unhappy and open war broke out at the Battle of Gonzales on October 2, 1835. Mexican President/General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna marched north with a massive army to put down the rebellion. He defeated the Texans at the legendary Battle of the Alamo on March 6, 1836. This was followed by the Goliad Massacre, in which some 350 rebellious Texan prisoners were executed. Santa Anna vs. Sam Houston After the Alamo and Goliad, panicked Texans fled east, fearing for their lives. Santa Anna believed that the Texans were beaten even though General Sam Houston still had an army of almost 900 in the field and more recruits came every day. Santa Anna chased the fleeing Texans, alienating many with his policies of driving off Anglo settlers and destroying their homesteads. Meanwhile, Houston kept one step ahead of Santa Anna. His critics called him a coward, but Houston felt he would only get one shot at defeating the much-larger Mexican army and preferred to pick the time and place for battle. Prelude to Battle In April of 1836, Santa Anna learned that Houston was moving east. He divided his army in three: one part went on a failed attempt to capture the provisional government, another remained to protect his supply lines, and the third, which he commanded himself, went after Houston and his army. When Houston learned what Santa Anna had done, he knew the time was right and turned to meet the Mexicans. Santa Anna set up camp on April 19, 1836, in a marshy area bordered by the San Jacinto River, Buffalo Bayou and a lake. Houston set up camp nearby. Sherman’s Charge On the afternoon of April 20, as the two armies continued to skirmish and size each other up, Sidney Sherman demanded that Houston send a cavalry charge to attack the Mexicans: Houston thought this foolish. Sherman rounded up about 60 horsemen and charged anyway. The Mexicans did not flinch and before long, the horsemen were trapped, forcing the rest of the Texan army to briefly attack to allow them to escape. This was typical of Houston’s command. As most of the men were volunteers, they did not have to take orders from anyone if they didn’t want to and often did things on their own. The Battle of San Jacinto On the following day, April 21, Santa Anna received some 500 reinforcements under the command of General Martà ­n Perfecto de Cos. When Houston didn’t attack at first light, Santa Anna assumed he would not attack that day and the Mexicans rested. The troops under Cos were particularly tired. The Texans wanted to fight and several junior officers tried to convince Houston to attack. Houston held a good defensive position and wanted to let Santa Anna attack first, but in the end, he was convinced of the wisdom of an attack. At about 3:30, the Texans began silently marching forward, trying to get as close as possible before opening fire. Total Defeat As soon as the Mexicans realized an attack was coming, Houston ordered the cannons to fire (he had two of them, called the â€Å"twin sisters†) and the cavalry and infantry to charge. The Mexicans were taken completely unawares. Many were asleep and almost none were in defensive position. The angry Texans swarmed into the enemy camp, shouting â€Å"Remember Goliad!† and â€Å"Remember the Alamo!† After about 20 minutes, all organized resistance failed. Panicked Mexicans tried to flee only to find themselves trapped by the river or bayou. Many of Santa Anna’s best officers fell early and loss of leadership made the rout even worse. The Final Toll The Texans, still enraged over the massacres at the Alamo and Goliad, showed little pity for the Mexicans. Many Mexicans tried to surrender, saying â€Å"me no La Bahà ­a (Goliad), me no Alamo,† but it was no use. The worst part of the slaughter was at the edges of the Bayou, where fleeing Mexicans found themselves cornered. The final toll for the Texans: nine dead and 30 wounded, including Sam Houston, who had been shot in the ankle. For the Mexicans: about 630 dead, 200 wounded and 730 captured, including Santa Anna himself, who was captured the next day as he tried to flee in civilian clothes. Legacy of the Battle of San Jacinto After the battle, many of the victorious Texans clamored for the execution of General Santa Anna. Houston wisely refrained. He correctly surmised that Santa Anna was worth much more alive than dead. There were still three large Mexican armies in Texas, under Generals Filisola, Urrea and Gaona: any one of them was large enough to potentially defeat Houston and his men. Houston and his officers spoke with Santa Anna for hours before deciding on a course of action. Santa Anna dictated orders to his generals: they were to leave Texas at once. He also signed documents recognizing the independence of Texas and ending the war. Somewhat amazingly, Santa Annas generals did as they were told and retreated out of Texas with their armies. Santa Anna somehow evaded execution and eventually made his way back to Mexico, where he would later resume the Presidency, go back on his word, and try more than once to re-take Texas. But every effort was doomed to failure. Texas was gone, soon to be followed by California, New Mexico, and much more Mexican territory. History lends events such as the independence of Texas a certain feeling of inevitability  as if it was always the destiny of Texas to become first independent and then a state in the USA. The reality was different. The Texans had just suffered two huge losses at the Alamo and Goliad and were on the run. Had Santa Anna not split his forces, Houstons army may well have been beaten by the Mexicans superior numbers. In addition, Santa Annas generals had the strength to defeat the Texans: had Santa Anna been executed, they likely would have kept fighting. In either case, history would be much different today. As it was, the Mexicans crushing defeat at the Battle of San Jacinto proved decisive for Texas. The Mexican army retreated, effectively ending the only realistic chance they ever had of re-taking Texas. Mexico would futilely try for years to reclaim Texas, only finally relinquishing any claim to it after the Mexican-American War. San Jacinto was Houstons finest hour. The glorious victory silenced his critics and gave him the invincible air of a war hero, which served him in good stead during his subsequent political career. His decisions were consistently proven wise. His reluctance to attack Santa Annas unified force and his refusal to let the captured dictator be executed are two good examples. For the Mexicans, San Jacinto was the start of a long national nightmare that would end with the loss of not only Texas  but also California, New Mexico, and much more. It was a humiliating defeat and for years. Mexican politicians made great plans to get Texas back, but deep down they knew it was gone. Santa Anna was disgraced  but would make yet another comeback in Mexican politics during the Pastry War against France in 1838-1839. Today, there is a monument at the San Jacinto battlefield, not far from the city of Houston. Resources and Further Reading Brands, H.W. Lone Star Nation: the Epic Story of the Battle for Texas Independence. New York: Anchor Books, 2004.